Financial Investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Monetary Investment - Research Paper Example Proportion examination and offer value investigations are 2 generally significant and regularly utilized instruments to break down the money related situation of a specific stock. An appropriate basic and specialized examination by and large gives an essential thought with respect to these viewpoints and assists financial specialists with settling on educated venture choices. By and large the natural estimation of the stock is resolved from the money related realities given the yearly report of the organization utilizing free-incomes and it is contrasted with the current market cost of the stock. At the point when the stock is seen as underestimated then it gives a chance to the speculator to purchase the stocks at lower current cost and afterward sell it in future when stock costs approaches target cost. This technique will enable the financial specialist to make benefits by purchasing stocks at lower cost and afterward selling it when stock costs acknowledges and ceteris paribus. C hoices for Investment Decision While there are numerous alternatives accessible to a financial specialist for speculation, it is essential to take note of that not all venture goals are similarly ok for venture when danger of venture is thought of. The most secure speculation goal is government protections in light of the fact that there are extremely constrained possibilities that the legislature will default. Another most ordinarily favored venture road is regular loads of traded on an open market organizations. Organizations whose stocks are recorded in stock trades (like NASDAQ, NYSE, and so on.) might be exchanged auxiliary markets. However, at whatever point the financial specialist considers interest in value arranged protections and stocks the danger of speculation essentially increments. This is on the grounds that when the financial specialist purchases value portions of any organization the speculator really buys in to settled up value capital of the proprietors of the or ganization. This naturally makes the speculator the new stocks holder and expect that the financial specialist will bear the hazard related with business. Buying value shares gives the financial specialist the chance to acquire profits and lingering benefits proportionate to particular membership or venture. Value stocks are dangerous on the grounds that the investors are qualified for procure from speculation simply after all liabilities of the business substance has been paid-off. This implies on the off chance that the business has no benefits left for circulation to investors in the wake of regarding business risk then no profits will be paid to investors. In this way, interest in organization stocks is both dangerous and compensating as in higher the hazard the higher would be the normal return. It is exhorted that before settling on any venture choices for interest specifically stocks the budgetary directors must assemble all important data identified with business in regards to money related position, exceptional monetary liabilities and the capacity of the business to respect such liabilities. Organization Overview The organization picked for budgetary investigation is Apple Inc. (Ticker Symbol AAPL) which is a Fortune 500 organization whose offers are traded on an open market. Apple Inc. is a main equipment and programming organization which has home office in Cupertino, California, U.S. The organization has more than 400 worldwide retail locations spread in more than 14 nations and it is recorded in NASDAQ as a traded on an open market organization. Apple additionally shapes a segment of S&P 500 composite list and NASDAQ-100 segment. The financials of the organization is solid and for the year finishing 2012, the organization revealed a net benefit of over UD$ 41

Standard Business Questions in English

Standard Business Questions in English There are various standard business addresses utilized when making for the most part asks into the idea of an organization. The accompanying exchange covers various standard business questions. The reference segment at that point gives varieties and related business inquiries for some of the standard business addresses utilized in the exchange. Business Reporter Thank you for setting aside the effort to meet with me today. Supervisor: Its my pleasure Business Reporter: Who accomplish you work for? Director: I work for Springco. Business Reporter: What does Springco do? Supervisor: Springoco disperses wellbeing items all through the United States. Business Reporter: Where is the organization based? Supervisor: Springco is situated in Vermont. Business Reporter: what number individuals do you utilize? Administrator: Currently, we have 450 individuals on staff. Business Reporter: Whats your yearly income? Administrator: Our gross income is about $5.5. million this year. Business Reporter: What kind of appropriation administrations do you give? Supervisor: We disperse to both discount and retail outlets. Business Reporter: What kind of web nearness do you have? Chief: We have a retail facade, just as an online gathering. Business Reporter: Is your organization open? Chief: No, we are a secretly held organization. Business Reporter: What kind of calculated structure do you have? Administrator: We transport from four provincial stockrooms. Business Reporter: Where are your items fabricated? Administrator: Most of our items are made abroad, yet a number are additionally delivered here in the United States. Standard Business Questions Who accomplish you work for? Varieties: Which organization accomplish you work for? Where accomplish you work? Related Questions: What sort of employment do you have? What do you do? What are your obligations? What does X do? Varieties: What sort of business does X do? Which business is X in? Related Questions: What sort of items does X sell/make/produce? What sort of administrations does X give/offer? Where is the organization based? Varieties: Where is your organization found? Where are your base camp? Related Questions: Where do you have branches? Do you have any workplaces abroad? What number of individuals do you utilize? Varieties: What number of individuals does X utilize? What number of individuals does X have on staff? What number of workers are there at X? Related Questions: What number of divisions are there? What number of individuals are on staff in that branch? What number of individuals do you utilize in (City)? Whats your yearly income? Varieties: Whats your turnover? What sort of income do you do? Related Questions: Whats your net benefit? What are (were) your quarterly income? What sort of an edge do you have? Is your organization open? Varieties: It is safe to say that you are a traded on an open market organization? It is safe to say that you are on the securities exchange? Is your organization secretly held? Related Questions: Whats your companys stock image? Which market would you say you are exchanged on? Where are your items fabricated? Varieties: Where are your merchandise delivered? Where do you make/produce your product?

Sickle Cell Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sickle Cell Anemia - Essay Example Every cell of a human body comprises of a core. All the hereditary material required for the physical qualities of an individual are available in the 23 chromosomes situated inside the core. A solitary unit of a DNA is known as a quality. A quality gives us the headings required for integrating a protein and these proteins are liable for our characteristics. Every quality comprises of a particular request of nucleotides and these nucleotides direct the request for amino acids which thusly structure fastens and connections to shape proteins. These arrangements of amino acids are significant on the grounds that they are answerable for the shape, structure and qualities of a protein. Any adjustment in this grouping is known as a transformation and the impacts could be unpleasant. Change in this succession could make the qualities of a protein change totally. Transformation is fundamentally the unconstrained change in the structure of a quality or chromosome. There are numerous kinds of transformations and they could either be gainful or unsafe. This kind of change is a case of a point transformation or a missense change, and is clearly very destructive, if the quality happens in a homozygotic structure. It happens in the beta globin quality (HBB) which is available in the eleventh chromosome. The HBB quality is liable for typical blood creation. The point transformation makes the beta hemoglobin atom convert the GAG codon into a GUG codon by translation for example it encodes the amino corrosive valine as opposed to the seventh amino corrosive, glutamic corrosive. Valine is hydrophobic (water detesting) making the hemoglobin atom twist inwards, making it become sickle molded. There are no different changes in the structure. The blend of any protein is a two-advance procedure. Right off the bat the directions in the quality, present in the DNA, are duplicated onto an emissary RNA (mRNA) with the assistance of RNA polymerase. The amalgamation of the mRNA is an intri cate procedure. This stage is known as interpretation. In this stage, the RNA polymerase breaks the obligations of the twofold helical atom of DNA and with the assistance of base blending, distinctive RNA nucleotides are included each in turn. To comprehend the idea of base matching, one needs to comprehend the structure of RNA first. Every RNA atom comprises of a nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate particle. Be that as it may, in contrast to DNA, RNA is single abandoned. During interpretation, every DNA nucleotide is matched with a complimentary RNA nucleotide. The complimentary base sets are as per the following: Guanine with Cytosine Thymine(DNA) sets with Adenine (RNA) Adenine (DNA) sets with Uracil(RNA) One of the essential contrasts among DNA and RNA is of the nitrogenous bases. Instead of Thymine, RNA contains Uracil. This strategy for base blending guarantees that the right arrangement of nucleotides, present in the DNA, is duplicated onto the mRNA chain. (Gary H. Perdew ) These directions comprise of the grouping where the amino acids ought to be connected together to frame the protein. For this situation, the new mRNA framed at the eleventh chromosome is encoded with the freak code. At that point the data on the mRNA bases is interpreted by the ribosomes with the goal that they can put amino acids in the provided request to shape the protein that was coded for by the quality for this situation, the beta s globin. Three nucleotides in a mRNA particle are the code for one amino corrosive. This arrangement of nucleotides is known as a codon. This arrangement of codons is really the code for the succession of amino acids in a protein. As a result of the point change the HBB quality

Performance of Identity Essay Topics - the Conspiracy

Performance of Identity Essay Topics - the Conspiracy The Start of Performance of Identity Essay Topics Identity theft is a significant source of concern since quite a while now. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. The good thing is that there's a commit in Github that will resolve that matter. In the uPort approach, zero transactions are wanted in the majority of cases because most claims are private. It doesn't make a difference to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Roles get even better when you combine various kinds of access across multiple applications so that individuals can request the majority of the access they require through a single function. After they have been created, you frequently need to modify and update them. There is an amazing quantity of innovation happening within the area of wallet contracts, which is the reason why we think that the precise interface and implementation of it shouldn't be defined as a member of an identity standard. When data is hashed, the inputs cannot be easily determined dependent on the output. In case the consumer is a wise contract, it ought to implement all the present schemes, but it could obviously not implement any future schemes. The very first example of blockchains disrupting a current vertical is currency. In addition, the culture is really liberal about sexual identities too. Afterwards, a little group of us used the signs for our very own opt-in intersectional variant of the activity. It usually means that hard-working is an incredibly important factor among Americans. A Secret Weapon for Performance of Identity Essay Topics The internet was constructed on a set of relatively simple standards that do just a single thing. If you receive bran d identity right you'll find it a lot simpler to grab customers. Choosing where to go to college is an amazingly important choice. Among the challenges with managing access through roles is that you're able to grant or remove a good deal of access to lots of people all at one time. Ruthless Performance of Identity Essay Topics Strategies Exploited Saving the private key is crucial. There are many different security threats on the web. For fintech companies Identity is about KYC. Moreover, that nothing ought to be on the dbo schema instead it ought to be in its own schema named Security. Absolutely free Belonging essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Still, every one of them would show up in the overall list. Individuals will be recognized by their public address that's calculated from a one of a kind private key that nobody else has. The categories are somewhat arbitrary in name, but they do include plenty of information. What You N eed to Know About Performance of Identity Essay Topics Likewise, a brand's voice should truly feel appropriate to its nature and remain constant with time. A digital presence usually means that part of who we are lives in the shape of digitalized details. When you consider identity, you consider the attributes which make someone the person they are. The identity is quite vital for the well being of somebody in their everyday life, on the job and despite their relaintionships. Although roles are a fantastic idea that could save yourself a lot of work with time, the tough part is building the roles in the very first spot. My mother gave me one of the greatest gifts I have ever received in my entire life. For him, it is a matter of life and death. The mind has become the most important influential portion of an individual to set up their identity thru time present or future. The essay isn't the simplest task to master. With FreeEssayHelp you'll find hundreds of Belonging essay topics in a matter of many seconds. To get started writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic. With our customized essay offer, you can be certain to get any kind of essay help you are searching for. Getting the Best Performance of Identity Essay Topics Exceptionalism and Nationalism The concept of exceptionalism has instilled in Americans mind through the history and consequently it has made them think they are distinctive and disti nctive individuals dwelling in a land of chances. The results of sexist behaviors remains the exact same. In practice, segregation of duties is quite hard to implement and enforce because you must have a good deal of information concerning the particular small business functions that entitlements make it possible for people to perform, in addition to an extensive business knowledge across systems of which actions shouldn't be combined. Rather than categorizing, listen to the people who live in the room and their demands.

Personal Statement For Administrative Fellowship - 836 Words

Personal Statement for Administrative Fellowship â€Å"He who has health has hope. And he who has hope, has everything.†- Benjamin Franklin. The decision to pursue a lifetime of service within the Healthcare industry was quite easy for me. After witnessing the importance of having exceptional health care first hand, I want to do everything I can to assist others by ensuring that healthcare policies and procedures are followed properly. Without proper health care, a person can feel lost and hopeless. I believe that an Administrative Fellowship at Massachusetts General Hospital will enable me with the necessary tools to plan, direct, communicate, and govern effectively in a health care facility. While obtaining my biology degree, I had the pleasure of working in a busy pediatrician’s office during the summer and waitressing at night. Naturally, multi-tasking became the norm for me, which has helped me tremendously. During the duration of pursing my master’s degree I have maintained the capabilities of being a valuable asset to my full time position, maintained a high GPA in my studies, supported my friends and family whenever they needed me and continue to stay active in my sorority by supporting local community service efforts such as breast cancer awareness and programs geared towards emerging young leaders. Ironically, my ability to multi-task alone isn’t why I am unique. My ability to effectively multitask warranting positive results in additions to maintaining driven to excelShow MoreRelatedChurch Leaders Can Get Equipped By Gaining An In-Depth1415 Words   |  6 Pagesof his will, To the praise of the glory of his grace, wherein he hath made us ac cepted in the beloved. (Ephesians 1:1-6) Jesus always had fellowship with the Father. We want an existing relationship with our Lord Jesus Christ as the Head who changes lives and makes all things innovative. 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In that role, I was responsible for advising joint security investigations, disseminating strategic intelligence, allocating information technologiesRead MoreIam Level 2 Certificate in Principles of Business and Administration Qualification Handbook 2011 Edition9178 Words   |  37 Pagescandidates 9 Membership 10 3 †¢ Information for centres Centre and qualification approval 11 Resource requirements 12 Registration and certification 12 Plagiarism 13 4 †¢ IAM units Principles of personal responsibilities and working in a business environment 17 Principles of providing administrative systems 21 Principles of managing information and producing documents 25 5 †¢ Optional units Principles of supporting change in a business environment 29 Principles of supporting business eventsRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 PagesLocal Church Funds ................................................................ Funds of Auxiliary Organizations ............................................. 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A gastroenterology community of practice (CoP) might provide knowledge sharing and professional networking opportunities for NP and PA colonoscopists, based on assessment of their needRead MoreAnalysis on American Well3128 Words   |  13 Pagestoday. Not that we’re necessarily lacking medical knowledge, however problems surrounding proper execution and effective management. It was then that Ido and Roy Schoenberg thought their company American Well would revolutionize the industry. That statement is truthful in many ways. In contrast with the traditional approach, patients would use IT to bridge the gap when seeking medical attention. Now with â€Å"Team Edition† being planned – presumably connecting primary care physicians and specialists, it

Sustainability of Natural Capital Essay Example

Essays on Sustainability of Natural Capital Essay The paper "Sustainability of Natural Capital" is a worthy example of an essay on finance and accounting. Dixon and Hamilton define natural capital as innately occurring resources on earth, which provide ecological services, goods or flows that are necessary to support life; for example, water, minerals, arable land, biodiversity, and oxygen among others (Dixon Hamilton 15). Over the years, business practices continue to exploit natural capital to meet their financial targets leading to its degradation. In addition, governmental policies, rapid population growth rates, environmental modifications, and development patterns also contribute to the alarming degradation of natural capital (Dixon Hamilton 15). The majority of the examples of natural capital are non-renewable; therefore, environmentalists lobby for their preservation. They infer that adopting sustainable practices endeavor to reduce the rate of degradation.Monetary income derived from natural capital is referred to as natu ral income. A research done by the World Resources Institute (WRI) revealed that global pharmaceutical companies generated an estimated 75-120 billion dollars (WRI). There are both financial and environmental implications resulting from the depletion of natural capital. Excessive exploitation of natural capital has led to its limited availability; thus increasing market prices. Businesses have to take into account the high production costs, as they affect their profit margins. Conversely, greenhouse gases emitted destroy ecosystems such as aquatic and terrestrial, increases global temperature, which in turn leads to an increase in sea level and affects weather patterns. Environmental pollutions continue to affect adversely the quality of human life; for example, more people are suffering from chronic lifestyle diseases such as skin cancer because of the destroyed ozone layer.The interplay of factors impedes the sustainability of natural capital. Firstly, pre-existing economic models do not sufficiently address the problem of unsustainable usage of natural capital. For example, inadequate information pertaining to the duration needed for natural resources to renew themselves is available. In addition, the majority of natural resources are non-renewable. The manual production of these resources is impractical due to inadequate technology and high costs. As such, the only option left to stakeholders of natural capital is to regulate their usage. In conjunction with governments across the globe, organizations are adopting policies aimed at minimizing the degradation of natural capital. For example, a case study done on the Dutch Wadden sea wetlands estimates that rapid population growth, land reclamation, and pollution contribute to the rapid degradation of the wetlands. However, through the implementation of strict policies and regulations, the government has been able to protect the natural capital provided by the wetlands; therefore, ensure sustainability (Dixo n Hamilton 16-17).In conclusion, natural capital is a concern for individuals in different sectors. As such, it is incumbent upon all stakeholders to work together towards supporting research geared towards examining sustainable practices aimed towards safeguarding natural practices. In addition, they ought to implement policies that support the sustainability of natural capital.

Organizational Report Singapore Airlines Limited

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Report Singapore Airlines Limited. Answer: Introduction The corporate environment continues to grow in terms of competitiveness as days go by. There is an inevitable need for organizations to put in place the right and effective strategies which would ensure consistency in quality delivery and hence the overall organizational performance. Some basic management strategies which have a direct link with organizational performance include; the nature and structure of leadership, the communication strategies as well as the motivational approaches. With reference to the aspects above, this report analyses Singapore Airlines (SIA) by outlining its leadership structure, communication as well as motivational strategies. The objective of this report is highlight how effective these approaches have been in placing the organization in its current position in terms of corporate. Through review of literature and company reports, the report shall also examine if these leadership approaches have been effective in enhancing good worker involvement as well as efficient consumer relations. The report shall then be summarized with an outline of some of the successful strategies used by Singapore Airlines Limited which could be borrowed by other managers in a bid to enhance organizational performance (Andersen, 2001). Singapore Airlines Limited Singapore Airlines whose history began in 1947 is one of the air transport herbs in Singapore. Despite being owned by the government, the management of SIA has been solely delinked from the government operations and the responsibilities given to a board of directors instituted by the Ministry of finance. The leadership of the company is therefore spearheaded by the ownership of both the Singapore government as well as Temasek Holdings Company. Consequently, the SIA is managed and controlled through a dual leadership structure. SIA comprises 36 subsidiaries each of which have the responsibility to accomplish the companys mission, vision and goals (Binggeli and Pompeo, 2002). The companys vision is to remain an excellent organization which positively impacts the lives of the people it interacts with. The organizations mission is to ensure consistency in offering high quality services to the clients in a bid to make maximum returns which not only benefits the companys stakeholders but t he employees as well. One of the subsidiaries is the SIA Engineering Company which deals with repair and maintenance as well as overhaul procedures.. The other subsidiary is the Singapore Airlines Cargo which deals with freight and movement of passenger cargo. The Silkair subsidiary handles regional flights destined for secondary cities while the Tigerair and Scoot are the subsequent subsidiaries which deal with low cost flights both within and outside the country. Leadership Style The successful endeavors of the organization can be attributed to the stable leadership structures installed by the various stakeholders (Anita, 2010). Each of these subsidiaries is led by a manager who is helped by the various departmental heads who in turn handle the lower level of the human resource hierarchy. The system of leadership is characterized by a diversified approach where duties are shared despite the existence of specialization (Braisby and Gellatly, 2012). Despite the fact that decision making majorly involves the board which is the highest level of authority within the organization, Singapore Airlines has installed effective strategies of communication which ensure that the input of at least all the employees is adequately considering during the crucial process of decision making. The style of leadership is therefore keen on enhancing a conducive environment for free and effective communication within the various phases of the organization (Campbell, 2002). The effectiveness of the leadership style at Singapore Airlines can be outlined by the nature in which the company has consistently outsmarted its competitors. Despite the emergence of several other competitors offering the same services at relatively lower costs, SIA has maintained its core strategies in maintaining quality delivery and effective customer satisfaction. The company management led by the CEO has ensured that each of the 36 subsidiaries operate alongside the organizations key strategies which are basically aimed at making profits while offering the best services to clients (Costa, Harned and Lundquist, 2002). Through the integration of differentiation and cost leadership, the Singapore Airlines management has continued to lay emphasis on innovation, training and efficiency in operation. The organization executes frequent training of the staff and workers in various departments. This strategy is aimed at enhancing the employees skills and competitiveness in their areas of responsibility. With an informed workforce, the leadership style at SIA has successful ensured organizational success by empowering its human resource fraternity. In addition to employee empowerment through a dual leadership strategy, the Singapore Airlines continues to woe its clientele through the incorporation of cost effective approaches. The fact that each subsidiary is led by its own manager adequately diversifies roles and reduces the cost of executing the companys strategic plans especially if the leadership was centralized and dependent on a single management approach. In addition, the leadership style within the organization upholds the use of information technology in enhancing the quality of operations. For instance, through IT, the company has developed a user friendly website where customers can easily access and check the flight schedules (Daft and Armstrong, 2009). The platform is also essential as it enables the company to speedily pass important information on flight changes, changes in prices and introduction of new packages just to mention but few. In a nut shell, the SIA leadership style is made up of a rigorous service de sign which keeps each member of staff on toes not only to deliver but also ensure that the quality of this delivery is outstanding. Each of these approaches have remained effective in enhancing the companys competitive edge despite the demanding nature of the clients in terms of the quality of service delivery. In addition, the SIA leadership style is keen on staff empowerment, training and motivation. This approach goes a long way in ensuring that the members of staff are developed holistically (Dattilio and Freeman, 2007). With proper employee engagement and efficient customer satisfaction, the organizational performance of Singapore Airlines has improved and continues to improve as days go by. The table below shows the trends in performance improvement exhibited by SIA within a span of three years Year Positive Customer Feedback Statistics Change in Profitability 2014 60% 70% 2015 75% 80% 2016 85% 90% From the table, we can deduce that the change in customer feedbacks has a direct influence on the companys profitability. This therefore indicates that the strategies installed by the leadership play a crucial role in triggering positive customer feedbacks and a subsequent increase in returns on investment due to stable market (Glisson, 2008). The trend also indicates an annual improvement in profitability as registered by the company which reveals that the leadership style has been effective in enhancing effective organizational performance. The companys leadership strategy is summarized below. Motivation and Reward Aspects at Singapore Airlines According to the equity theory of motivation, the level of motivation accorded an employee is directly equal to the extent to which the employee satisfies the companys strategies and goals. This theory stipulates that when an employee is treated in a manner that enhances their confidence and sense of belonging, their engagement is greatly improved which in turn culminates in effective organizational performance (Collins and Wood, 2009). The SIA has put in place various strategies which all play a crucial role in enhancing the fair treatment of the employees. For instance, the company continuously carries out a facelift of the Singapore Girl, which is a crucial organ of the human resource fraternity especially with regards to flight related issues (Doganis, 2006). According to Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory also known as the two factors or dual factor theory, there are specific aspects at the work place which enhance job satisfaction. The theory further stipulates that there are those factors which cause job dissatisfaction. An appropriate leadership structure and dissemination of responsibilities is one of the key strengths at SIA. The dual nature of leadership enhances sharing of roles which in turn causes job satisfaction. Additionally, the organization achieves job satisfaction through staff empowering. In a bid to trigger a positive response from the workers, the organization is keen on enhancing staff training and exposure through various exhibitions and conference (Dattilio Freeman, 2007). This strategy is not only aimed at uplifting their level of motivation but also ensuing that each individual in their area of responsibility remain competent. (Anita, 2010). The employees who indicate improvement in performance gauged by the am ount of returns and the nature of client feedbacks are then subjected to a reward scheme (Dobbin, 2012). The nature of reward is always such that it comes in a measure equal to the standards set by the company. For instance, the individuals who achieve certain stipulated targets in their lines of duty are rewarded based on this achievement. These strategies have not only contributed in enhancing motivational levels at SIA but also ensure adequate job satisfaction. According to the needs theory, the motivational strategies by a company can be designed such that the reward given to an individual remains solely dependent on the extent to which the worker caters for the companys needs (Heracles, 2009). This implies that when the employees adequately execute their responsibilities, their motivational needs are accorded in good measure (Daft Armstrong, 2009). As highlighted by Maslow, individuals have various needs which include physiological or material needs, need for safety, love, and esteem as well as the desire to achieve self-actualization. The Singapore Airlines have remained active when it comes to creating a conducive environment for its employees which ensures that they feel loved and safe at the place of work. This is not only achieved through an open communication system but through recognized company procedures. In these procedures, the consistent performers are recognized during specially organized company occasions. These reward stra tegies also enhance the workers esteem in addition to giving them a reason to offer their best in responsibilities due to the desire for this very recognition and hence the associated rewards. The organization has effectively aligned its reward aspects with the organizational targets. This idea initiates the desire for self-actualization in the employees which in this case is more or less linked to the extent to which the workers achieve the set targets. Reward and motivation at SIA is therefore based largely on the extent to which the companys objectives are achieved by the employees. The job characteristics model highlights the fact that individual responsibilities ought to be treated as the main source of motivation. This occurs when the job environment is made attractive through the introduction of efficient but non-confining policies. The theory further outlines that the nature of a job has a special way of influencing worker motivation. At SIA, the management has remained keen on ensuring that the employees enjoy their work and hence give their best. The company operates alongside the guidance of accommodative work policies. These approaches do not only ensure effectiveness in service delivery within the human resource but also establishes an organizational culture in which the workers are confident and free enough to exploit their talents (Lewin, 2006). It is therefore a crucial responsibility for an organizations management to ensure that the nature of the job environment enhances maximum worker engagement before other motivational strategies are installed. The big five personality traits offer a perfect model which managers can use to learn the different personalities of the employees and hence come up with work policies which effectively complement these personalities. Singapore Airlines believes emphasizes on the motivation of employees as a key strategy in ensuring that they are open to experience which is one of the traits in the five factor model. In line with this, the motivational schemes used by the company spread across all the subsidiaries. The employees are accorded an equal opportunity for recognition and reward. With the knowledge that each is eligible for rewards, each member of the human resource department operates self-discipline and a dutiful desire for excellence. This amounts to conscientiousness, one of the big five traits. This collectively enhances the general performance of the organization. To enhance the effectiveness of the recognition schemes, they are constantly revised and the necessary adjustments made. T he strategy encourages extraversion among the employees as the motivation aspects tend to increase their assertiveness and energy at work (Hinings, 2013). The good salaries have been fundamental in maintaining the composition of the human resource. Most of the employees within the current team have served in the organization for long periods of time. This could be attributed to the appropriate job environment established by the companys management which enhances agreeableness and cooperativeness. An effective environment created by an organization does not only retain the current workforce but also reduces neuroticism and serves a part in attracting new individuals in future. In a nut shell, the motivational strategies at SIA have remained effective due to the fact that they are holistic. This implies that the rewards schemes do not only target the workers but also the managers (Ostroff, 1993). The table below shows the correlation between worker motivation and profit outcomes for a span of three years. Year Percentage Level of Worker Motivation Change in Profitability 2014 60% 70% 2015 75% 80% 2016 85% 90% From the table, we can deduce a direction correlation between the level of worker motivation and the organizational performance. It therefore implies that a high level of motivation increases the workers engagement which in turn enhances the organizational performance. This can be reflected by the reported profit margins. The information can also be reflected using the pie chart below. Communication Strategy at Singapore Airlines Limited Open and Result Oriented Communication The communication strategy in Singapore Airlines is not only open but also result driven. With the aid of IT, the company has developed a complex infrastructure which aids in the movement information which is effectively packaged and transmitted with clarity. As one of its basic approaches to communication, SIA has developed an interactive website (Hickson, 2015). Through the user friendly platform, crucial information can be passed to the workers and clients in a simple and accessible manner. To enhance the quality of information passed, the messages are scrutinized by the organizations communication experts. This does not only enhance the message richness but also ensure that the basic objective to obtain a result from the communicaion is perfectly achieved. Formal and informal strategies The communication system at SIA involves a combination of both formal and informal approaches. Information is passed from a central source and passed through multi channels with the intention of reaching as many people as possible. For instance the website is mainly used for formal transmission of crucial information to workers and clients. The strategy here involves the establishment of small online formal groups to aid in the process of information transmission. Each subsidiary has its own formal group. This ensures that each individual receives only the information relevant to their area of service. On the other hand, the organization uses other informal tools like then social media which may include facebook pages and twitter handles. Both of these tools are used in communication depending on the nature of the information. This implies that formal information can be passed through the website while relatively informal ones are transmitted through the social media platforms (Langh am and Rezania, 2006). Mode of communication: Involves both oral and written messages By reviewing the history of the company, it is evident that the communication styles have transformed over the past years. The SIA management continues to work over time by bringing in newer strategies aimed at improving communication. In the past, the mode of communication mainly involved verbal and written approaches for instance using notice boards, circulars and related communication articles (Ostroff, 2009). However, with the emergence of technology, the organization mainly uses the internet and other online platforms like the websites and social media. In these avenues the mode of communication mainly involves writing. For instance, the information on flight schedules, changes in packages and any information intended for the employees and clients is always posted in written form on the companys website. The method of communication largely involves both vertical and horizontal transmission. This trend indicates the transformation which has taken place in the communication strate gies used at SIA. Channel Richness Strategies The Singapore Airlines mainly uses IT based approaches in communication. This strategy can be evaluated by reviewing the extent to which it has proved effective in enhancing organizational performance. To begin with, the strategy is cost effective since it only requires information to be placed in an accessible platform where the recipients can visit and retrieve. This replaces the cumbersome approach of having to send information to each members of the organization. Secondly, IT based communication strategies are time saving (Posey, 2012). For instance due to the fact that the website is user friendly, workers and clients can easily access the platform and gain the necessary updates. It therefore takes a shorter time for the intended message to reach the audience compared to other methods of communication. In addition, the communication strategies are efficient enough in ensuring that all the members of the organization are reached (Trevisani, 2016). This is because the SIA has a da tabase of its employees and clients stored in the online platform. This ensures that the message passed reaches as many people as possible. The organization also uses other back up methods which include follow up emails, messages, notices live speeches as well as formal reports. These strategies adequately support the companys business needs in addition to enhancing good consumer relations which culminates in effective organizational performance. Conclusion The Singapore Airlines Limited remains one of the most recognized corporate organizations in Singapore and the surrounding regions. This success could be attributed to a number of factors and strategies implemented by the company. The companys leadership style is adept at enhancing the organizational goals. The dual structure and cost leadership has proved fundamental in enhancing the companys level of operation. The motivational and reward strategies have played a crucial role in improving employee engagement, commitment and their general output. Furthermore, the communication strategies implemented within the organization have remained effective in ensuring free flow of information within the organization. Each of these approaches has been crucial in enhancing the performance of the organization which could be confirmed by the high profit margins achieved by the company especially in recent years. References Andersen T.J. (2001) Information technology, strategic decision making approaches and Organizational performance in different industrial settings. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 10(1), pp. 101-119. Anita, M. (2010) How Much Does Home Country Matter to Corporate Profitability? Journal of International Business Studies, 4(1), pp. 142165. Bernhard, H. and Ingolis, C. (2008) Six lessons for the corporate classroom. Harvard Business Review, 66(5), pp. 12-56. Binggeli, U. and Pompeo, L. (2002) Hyped hopes for Europes low-cost airlines. McKinsey Quarterly 4(1), pp. 8697. Braisby, A. and Gellatly, A. (2012) Cognitive Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Campbell, J. (2002) Personnel training and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 22(1), pp. 565602. Costa, P., Harned, D. and Lundquist, J. (2002) Rethinking the aviation industry. McKinsey Quarterly, 1(1), pp. 89100. Collings, D. and Wood, G. (2009) Human resource management. London: Routledge. Daft, R. and Armstrong, G. (2009) Organization Theory and Design. Toronto: Nelson. Dattilio, F. and Freeman, A. (2007) Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies in Crisis Intervention. New York: The Guilford Press Doganis, R. (2006) The Airline Business. Abingdon: Routledge. Dobbin, F. (2012) The Rise of Bureaucracy. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press. Glisson, M. (2008) Productivity and Efficiency in Human Service Organizations as related to Structure, size and Age. The Academy of Management Journal, 23(1), pp. 21--37. Heracles, L. (2009) Flying High in a Competitive Industry: Secrets of the Worlds Leading Airline. Singapore: McGraw Hill. Heracles, L. (2009) Flying High in a Competitive Industry: Cost-effective Service Excellence at Singapore Airlines. Singapore: McGraw Hill Hickson, K. (2015) Mr. SIA Fly Past: Introducing the Life and Times of a Legend. World Scientific Journal. 1(1), pp. 12-15. Hinings, C. (2013) Returning to the Frontier of Contingency Theory of Organizational and Institutional Designs. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp. 393440. Lewin, M. (2006) Determining Organizational Effectiveness - another look, and an agenda for research. Management Science, 32 (5), pp. 514 --538. Lingham, T. and Rezania, D. (2006) An evaluation system for training programmes: a case study using a four phase approach. Career Development International, 11(4), pp.33451. Ostroff, S. (2009) Configurations of Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency. The Academy of Management Journal, 36(6), pp. 13451361. Posey, R. (2012) Modern Organization Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly. 5 (4), pp. 609611. Trevisani, D. (2016) Communication for Leadership: Coaching Leadership Skills. Medialab Research, 34(1), pp. 23-34.

Animal Species Essays (626 words) - Biology, Zoology,

Animal Species Holly Ratliff July 5, 2000 Beckley English 2 Animal Species Living creatures on Earth need three basic things in order to survive: the ability to eat, breath, and reproduce. All animals are able to do so. Animals are divided into species, among these species are: Mammals, Reptiles, Arthropods, and Aves. Mammals, also known as Mammalia, come from Latin meaning mamma breast. They are called this due to the fact that Mammals are the only animals which have mammary glands, which enable them to nourish their young solely on milk secreted from these glands. Mammals are warm blooded, and all, except for marine mammals, are mostly or completely covered with hair. Mammals give birth to live young, however, there are a few rare exceptions to this rule. A few mammals, such as the platypus, lay eggs instead of having live young. Yet once the eggs are hatched the females do have mammary glands, and produce milk for their young. Another feature of mammals is that their heart has four chambers and a muscular diaphragm that separates their chest and abdominal cavity. The mammal class includes: Dogs, cats, horses, beavers, dolphins, bats and humans. Another animal species are Reptiles, also known as Reptil which is Latin for Reptus, meaning to crawl. Reptiles are usually hairless with dry, scaly skin. They are cold-blooded, which means in order for them to maintain a stable body temperature, they must be exposed to some heat source, such as the sun, or a rock warmed by the heat of the day. Due to the need for warmth, Reptiles are naturally found in warm, dry climates. All reptiles, except for snakes, have low slung bodies with long tails, balanced on four awkwardly small limbs. Although there are a few aquatic Reptiles (Reptiles who live mainly in water), they all must come up to the surface for oxygen. Reptiles do not give birth to live young. Instead, they lay eggs on land. The female usually buries the eggs in warm dirt or sand to incubate them. Reptiles do not have mammary glands therefore, their young are not dependent on their mother for food and soon after birth, they must learn to obtain food for themselves. The Reptile class includes: turtles, alligators, snakes, lizards, and dinosaurs. The animal species that makes up over eighty percent of all species are Arthropods. Arthropod comes from the Latin word, Arthropoda, meaning foot. Arthropods tend to have many legs and feet, giving purpose to their name. Arthropods are invertebrate, which means they have no backbone. Unlike other animal species, Arthropods have what is called an exoskeleton which is an external skeleton or shell. The exoskeleton is jointed, allowing Arthropods to move, and as the they grow, their exoskeleton sheds, or molts, and a new, larger one grows to replace it. All Arthropods lay eggs and care for them, yet when they young are born, they are immediately independent. The Arthropod class includes: insects, spiders, centipedes, and crabs. A very beautiful, yet simply diverse animal species are Aves. Aves, also known as Birds, are warm-blooded, egg-laying animals. Aves are covered with feathers and its forelimbs are wings. Like mammals, birds have a four-chambered heart; they have a relatively large brain and acute hearing but little sense of smell. Aves are highly adapted for flight. Their feathers, though light, protect against cold and wet and have great strength. Aves are well known for their beautiful whistle, or song, yet the singing ability is usually restricted to, or superior in, the male. Most birds build some kind of nest for their eggs, which vary in size, shape, color, and number according to species. Their young are cared for by the parents until they reach maturity. The class of Aves include: geese, flamingos, humming birds, and penguins. Each of these animal species are very unique and crucial to the Earth. Without these diverse creatures, the world would not have the variety and beauty it beholds today. Science Essays

Citibank Review Essays - Citigroup, Payment Systems, Credit Cards

Citibank Review Essays - Citigroup, Payment Systems, Credit Cards Citibank Review CITIBANK Case Study This is a monumental assignment for any team of corporate and financial wizards, but for the purposes of this assignment I will keep it simple. This scenario suggests numerous barriers and hurdles that seem almost impossible to overcome. Choosing to enter these socially, politically and economically different markets will require ingenious marketing techniques and an unsecured commitment to achieving success where the possibility seems extremely dim. Given the data in the case, I would choose to enter this region and commence a blanket introduction of credit card sales. Having traveling extensively to this region, I can personally relate to the difficulties presented by many of these cultures. Taking the lessons Ive learned in the past few weeks, I believe there is an element of possibility utilizing marketing and advertising techniques already proven in this region. Rana Talwars closing comments about having to make this decision alone is completely correct. Several references in the case display the optimism and pessimism exhibited by several members of the Citibank team. Any decision will not be without criticism, but I believe he has all the required tools to succeed in this region. From the outset, there are a few markets and countries that are extremely attractive and will produce success in developing the credit card market. A few countries are extremely dangerous and would provide several dangerous hurdles to overcome. In the middle are a few markets that dont appear to be extremely lucrative, but reading between the lines, provide avenues for success. I chose to analyze each country separately and provide and finalized solution in summation. The values I extracted from the case for my analysis are as follows: $2 million for advertising in each country, $35 million each for infrastructure support for the initial 250,000 customers, $25 per customer for distribution, and I used income values for each company by taking the Competing Product Profile prices for each companys low-end credit card expenses (Exhibit 9). Australia Assessing this country doesnt take a degree in global economics. It is notoriously stable, with a Political/Economic rating of A. It possesses an annual GNP of $196.8 billion in 1998, with a fairly high 5-year inflation average of 7.1%. One of the attractive attributes of this country is that only 10.5% of the population carries a credit card already, and 80% of current card carriers reside in the upper three income categories. Each Australian has an average bank balance of $24,000 with a savings rate of 6.7%. With Australias already established banking industry and civilized society, I believe it possess great growth potential for introduction of the Citibank credit card. Break-Even Analysis: $2 mil + $35 mil = 740,000 new credit card customers $75 - $25 ** (An additional $10 million to $15 million for each additional 250,000 credit card customers) =Joining fee and annual fee from American Express Green (Exhibit 9) Hong Kong With an already established Credit Card business, the case suggests a few alternatives for Citibank to expand its customer base in Hong Kong. I agree with these comments, but I would be remiss if I did not interject a few comment s about the economy in Hong Kong and the influence of the impending transfer of power from the England back to the government of China at the end of the century (2000). The case does not mention the perplexity of the change over and any impact that would come from this political change, but I cant help but assume that it has to play a role in the decision made in 1989. I view these decisions as having to be immediate. I say this because the concept of cross-marketing Citibank products into other avenues of the financial arena is a fantastic idea, but any moves that are made must be implemented and solidified prior to the political changeover. Citibank must recognize that attempts to enter this market near or after the changeover in political power would result in additional barriers that may make these implementations impossible. The immediate (1989) possess a great opportunity for Citibank. India I am extremely skeptical about this market. This country probably possesses the greatest challenge in the entire region. Enticing is the vast population (797 million) and enormous GNP ($222.5 million, both surpassing every country in the case analysis. Perplexing is the high

South Korea Affected by Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

South Korea Affected by Globalization - Essay Example Apart from these concerns there are also concerns over causing of widespread suffering, disorder and unrest. Globalization can be remarked as a medium which becomes the main source for global movements of social justice and also a source of repression. By governing these materials we can take a glance at the features of globalization, as to how the process drives, how politics can be changed and how it changes or affects institutions like the UN. Globalization has helped improve the poverty in a large number of developing countries but still it needs to bind to help the society's poor community. Mainly we can say that as globalization covers all the cons and pros of the human society, and virtually every aspect we need to analyze and think, about the questions such as normative political theory. (Globalization, 1, n.d) Recently it can be said that the economy of South Korea is one of the strongest economies of the world. It can be ranked as the thirteenth largest economy of the world because it is highly developed trillion dollar economy. Among the economies of Asia the economy of South Korea can be termed as the fourth largest economy. ... South Korea turned in to a highly developed country just in 50 years and it is not less than a miracle. World Bank has termed the economy of South Korea as the High income economy and IMF has termed it as advanced economy. The economy of South Korea is known as the Asian Tiger in the economy of Asian countries because of its rapidly growing status. The capital of South Korea is Seoul and it is considered to be a big global city and also the major international financial center in Asia. Because of high income and good financial and economical status the living standard and life style of South Koreans is quite high and they enjoy the freedom of financial usages. The South Korea has developed so much rapidly because of the rapidly increasing process of industrialization in the South Korea which has placed the country among the top exporters and most of the export process is performed with China. The main industries of South Korea include chemicals, steel, textile, footwear, food process ing, electronics and automobiles. The unemployment rate has also been recorded as low as 3.2% in the year 2007. The level of education of the country is also very much improved and competitive. The scientific literacy of South Korea is on the top and the mathematical literacy is ranked as second highest. According to the economists the information technology industry of the South Korea has also among the three top IT industries. Hence all this above analysis shows that the economy of South Korea has geared itself from the year 1960s till 2007. The GDP rate that was recorded in the year 2007 was GDP (Nominal) $981.9 Billion and GDP (PPP) $1.312trillion. Although the economy has faced a really tremendous rise but the financial

A model of Christian charity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A model of Christian charity - Essay Example Human beings have a tendency to manipulate things in their favor, they take the smallest chance they have and grab the opportunity to live with someone else’s glory for them. John Winthrop made speeches to bring people towards God and reconcile them with God. He came up with strategies make his mission a success, which involved his metaphorical city on hills. The Americans used this concept to magnify themselves become the world’s chosen nation. A model of Christian charity was a sermon delivered by john Winthrop; this was done on board the Arbella in 1630. In the sermon, his aim was to show the true value of puritan faith. The crowd on board was approximately 300 people, all these people were convinced by John Winthrop’s sermon and would soon become the first population of Massachusetts who believed that they were an experiment of freedom and independence in religion. At this time, religious communities were so possessive that people were not given the freedom t o worship in any way they want, they were tie to certain rules within which they were to abide. The sermon convinced all the 300 people that they lacked religious freedom and that they should join the puritan religion, which would give them the freedom they lacked. So those who were aboard the arbella were the first of their kind, they were the first puritan community to reach North America. They had with then the Massachusetts Bay colony charter, which they intended to take to Salem in Massachusetts. The mission was of so much importance to the puritans in Massachusetts. In Britain, however this was seen as an opening to further trading opportunities and chances for expand their colonial posts; the puritans on the other hand were on a mission from God and had no any ill motives. This mission was to test the faith of the puritans; it would really convey their intentions and see if they were genuine or had ill motives, like their counterparts in Britain1. American Exeptionalism, The Jeremiad, And the Frontier: From the Puritans to the Neo-Con Man, is an article written by William Spano, tells how Sacvan Bercovich’s summary helped to understand the concept of the puritan religion. Bercovitch explains that the puritans are like the Jews in the Old Testament who claimed to be God’s chosen people; the puritans were convinced that their movement from Europe was a new revolution to the church. They thought of it as a new inaugural moment for a providential history, this was mainly to rectify the world that had moved away from their creator, and to claim it back. They were on a mission to save humanity and re-establish their relationship with God. They thought they were the tool for reconciliation just like the Jews of the Old Testament united humankind to God. The puritans’ mission in Massachusetts was the ultimate test to see if they were really, God’s chosen people, and a success in the mission would mean that they were indeed the chosen people of God. It is now more than four centuries since the sermon was made and we still see the traces of this experiment, the politicians use it every day, they, however, do not use it to describe America and its role in the global society. The phrase city on a hill is a legend used by American history to refer to the sermon of john Winthrop. The Americans have lived to believe that the sermon in a way insinuated that they were God’s chosen country, in 1961; American president John F Kennedy made a speech in which he referred to Americans as having their eyes on the leadership so that there are no any cases of bad leadership. He referred to it as the city on the hill and everyone looked upon it, meaning that the whole world had their eyes on America. The aim of this speech was to tell Americans that they should be good role models to other countries since they are perceived to be the chosen country, hence should look after the world. This greatly shows the American exeptio nalism. When Winthrop talked about the city on the

Battle to Save the Seas Essay Example for Free

Battle to Save the Seas Essay Once upon a time there lived a naughty boy who lived in a cottage near the sea with his parents that loved polluting the sea. His parents were one of his biggest inspirations when it came to polluting the sea. Every time they needed to dump garbage, they’d dump it in the sea. Soon the sea was filthy and organism died so therefore, it caused them lack some food too because they loved eating fishes from the sea that was nearby. The most important issue is we need to keep the sea clean. People of every kind who don’t take value, pride and withhold the possessions of the sea will have no respect for it. So therefore, we need to battle to save the sea. People will just literally dump any spoiled food items, household stuff etc. into the sea. They’ll just have a don’t care attitude about and towards the sea. We need to enforce strict regulations on people who love to dump trash in the sea. It they’re caught doing so, they should pay a high fine that they can’t afford and be thrown into jail. Secondly we need to battle to save the sea because the sea is a gift from God, not human. With the nature of the sea, tourists are attracted by it which helps to grow and benefit from our number one industry â€Å"Tourism†. Once tourist see that our seas are filthy and unprotected, they won’t feel pleasant coming to our island ever again. Soon we’ll even lose our number one industry for a lifetime. We are way too much dependent on tourism, we wouldn’t want it to shut down forever nor do we? The tourists love to snorkeling, scuba diving, swimming and fishing in the beautiful seas. So why wouldn’t we want to fight to save it? After all the sea contains all our living creatures, those that survive in water. We’ll lose our queen conch, groupers and spiny lobsters which will affect our agriculture and marine industries. We wouldn’t be able to export and make profits from our spiny lobsters etc. We also wouldn’t be able to eat seafood which is where our Bahamian dishes mainly come from. Imagine living on an island that is surrounded by dirty waters on hot summer day, now think about it? No swimming will be the answer to your imagination. In conclusion I suggest that our minister who’s responsible for the sea etc. should establish laws, activities and persuasive ideas to persuade people not to liter in our seas because the sea is a special gift from God and we need to take more care of it with great respect, joy and content.

The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown Essays -- Young Goodman

The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 17th century, John Locke was one of the most influential people of his age. He was a renowned philosopher who established radical ideas about the political, social, and psychological ideals of mankind. One of his philosophical ideas, which he is said to be the founder of, is British Empiricism. This idea holds that "all knowledge is derived from experience whether of the mind or the senses" ("Empiricism" 480). In any man’s life, there arises such a point in time where he comes to the realization that there is a sense of evil in the world. Whether it is by something as subtle as locking the door at night before going to bed or being directly confronted at gun point as a man demands your tennis shoes, at some point man will realize that the innocence of his childhood does not last forever. Locke believed that people gain knowledge from their own personal experience. For Young Goodman Brown, this experience comes with his journey into the forest with the fellow traveler as chronicled in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story. Initially, Brown was, as his namesake foretells, a "young, good man" who believes in man’s basic goodness, yet within the inner desires of his heart wishes to see what all the world had to offer. Therefore, he set off on a "journey" into the forest to explore the world of this unknown evil. The story of "Young Goodman Brown" is a classic example of the empiricist ideas of Locke in how the intrigues of the unknown beckoned Young Brown as he experienced the transition between his initial idea of man’s basic goodness to the reality that evil exists in the heart of every man. However, before we can analyze Young Goodman Brown’s journey in the for... ...h he knows little about. Works Cited Brown, Vivenne. "The ‘Figure’ of God and the Limits to Liberalism: A Rereading of Locke’s ‘Essay’ and ‘Two Treatises’". Journal of the History of Ideas 60.1 (1999): 85. "Empiricism." New Encyclopaedia Brittanica. 1998 ed. Volume 4, 480. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 268-276. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Penguin, 1974. Meyer, Michael, ed. "A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O’Connor, and Alice Munro." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 267. Tritt, Michael. "‘Young Goodman Brown’ and the Psychology of Projection". Studies in Short Fiction. 23 (1996): 113-117.    The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown Essays -- Young Goodman The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 17th century, John Locke was one of the most influential people of his age. He was a renowned philosopher who established radical ideas about the political, social, and psychological ideals of mankind. One of his philosophical ideas, which he is said to be the founder of, is British Empiricism. This idea holds that "all knowledge is derived from experience whether of the mind or the senses" ("Empiricism" 480). In any man’s life, there arises such a point in time where he comes to the realization that there is a sense of evil in the world. Whether it is by something as subtle as locking the door at night before going to bed or being directly confronted at gun point as a man demands your tennis shoes, at some point man will realize that the innocence of his childhood does not last forever. Locke believed that people gain knowledge from their own personal experience. For Young Goodman Brown, this experience comes with his journey into the forest with the fellow traveler as chronicled in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story. Initially, Brown was, as his namesake foretells, a "young, good man" who believes in man’s basic goodness, yet within the inner desires of his heart wishes to see what all the world had to offer. Therefore, he set off on a "journey" into the forest to explore the world of this unknown evil. The story of "Young Goodman Brown" is a classic example of the empiricist ideas of Locke in how the intrigues of the unknown beckoned Young Brown as he experienced the transition between his initial idea of man’s basic goodness to the reality that evil exists in the heart of every man. However, before we can analyze Young Goodman Brown’s journey in the for... ...h he knows little about. Works Cited Brown, Vivenne. "The ‘Figure’ of God and the Limits to Liberalism: A Rereading of Locke’s ‘Essay’ and ‘Two Treatises’". Journal of the History of Ideas 60.1 (1999): 85. "Empiricism." New Encyclopaedia Brittanica. 1998 ed. Volume 4, 480. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 268-276. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Penguin, 1974. Meyer, Michael, ed. "A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O’Connor, and Alice Munro." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 267. Tritt, Michael. "‘Young Goodman Brown’ and the Psychology of Projection". Studies in Short Fiction. 23 (1996): 113-117.   

Of Mice and Men Coursework Rough Essay

Introduction. ‘Of Mice and Men’ is written by John Steinbeck, published in 1937. The novel is set in the 1930s during the great depression in California. The two prominent characters, George and Lennie are farm workers who have a dream of one-day owning their own ranch. They find work in a ranch near Soledad, after escaping from Weed because of George’s incident. They are met by different characters on the farm that all have a dream. Lots of farm workers would share the dream of all one day owning some land of their own. This dream became very popular and was named the ‘American Dream.’ Its people came from every country and background with the one belief that America would bring them wealth and happiness. For very many others, America offered escape from poverty and starvation. It was a new country, an undiscovered one. In Europe land had always been the key to money and status. Only in America could the poor of Europe hope to own their own land. The country became more and more heavily populated as the word got around of gold mines, and new homes and villages developed creating communities. At its simplest the American Dream was the popular idea that America was a country that allowed men and women to make a clean start. Like all dreams the reality did not always match the dream. However the destruction of the Indians, the American civil war and the creation of city slums were all growing pains of a great country. Yet the dream survived. That is this dream survived until the late 1920s. By then there was no more land to be claimed and America had built up its own rules and laws. This marked the start of the great depression. Farming was badly effected, as over farming had caused huge areas of land to just dry up. This was the creation of the famous ‘dust bowl.’ Poor crops meant that many of the farmers were unable to pay back the debts they had taken out in the first place to buy the land. This meant that the way of life of men such as George, Lennie and slim was coming to an end when ‘of mice and men’ was written. All the events above occurred during the writing of the novel and perhaps suggests that the story is about the end of the American Dream, the social changes and the new reality of living a full American life. The Setting. The book opens with a description of the country around the Salinas river, south of Soledad in California. When describing this landscape Steinbeck uses a very wide variety of different colours and animal descriptions in only the first short paragraph. He has a very powerful descriptive style. ‘Lower leaf junctures,’ that are green, then he notes that the deer’s tracks are ‘split wedge.’ This description is used when the author used direct speech. As the two characters give us information about what they think and their personalities by how they talk. This landscape is the appropriate backdrop to the introduction of the two characters George and Lennie because it shows a typical background for migrant workers. Who would travel great distances, either walking, using cheap bus services, hitch hiking or traveling by train. We know that this particular novel strictly focuses on the life of these men from a few short quotes on the first couple of pages. â €˜The path beaten hard by boys.’ This line suggests that George and Lennie are following in the footsteps of hundreds of other men. The path had been used to walk to and from work many times which symbolizes the employment and unemployment of men. Walking the road and trying to achieve the all ‘American Dream’ by making a fortune and living the high life. ‘ The tree worn smooth by men,’ this shows how often migrant workers had collapsed and sat on that log suggesting how tired and utterly exhausted the men were after traveling miles and miles. This proves determination that those men had, to actually make something of their lives. ‘Ash pile made by many fires.’ This conveys the notion of starving men who had set up camp in that area. By lighting fires that kept them warm and fed. The fact that so many fires had been lit before just proves the amount of people who had been in that baron area. George and Lennie’s previous job in Weed was probably something to do with farming as they were itinerant farmers. They are drifters who move from ranch to ranch. This means that they are very skilled in various aspects of farm work and labour. The only security these men live on is the hope of more or new work. ‘Murray and Ready’s’ was like an employment agency which was set up as a result of President Roosevelt’s new deal which directed migrant workers into agricultural work. From this place George and Lennie had both collected ‘work cards’ which secured their working position and acted as evidence and identity. They had no permanent home and solely relied on the rough farm accommodation. They carried all their belongings around in a bindle of clothing and cooking utensils which were made portable by wrapping blankets aroun d the outside. When migrant workers arrive at their work place after traveling and sleeping rough. They often find they have to stay in very simple, poor accommodation. The conditions in which the migrant workers lived were primitive. Bunkhouse walls were whitewashed, the floor unpainted. There were eight bunks in the bunkhouse, which showed that there was a lack of privacy for the men. Even their few personal belongings were on public display â€Å"†¦over each bunk there was nailed an apple-box with the opening forward so that it made two shelves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The only places for the men to sit were boxes. George saw that the conditions were also unhygienic when he found a can in his apple-box which said â€Å"†¦positively kills lice, roaches and other scourges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Even the stable buck, who is not permitted to sleep with the other men in the bunkhouse and has his own room, also has to live in primitive and unhygienic conditions. For example â€Å"†¦a manure pile under the window†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . One characteristic that the migrant workers share is that they all long for a better life. Loneliness. Loneliness is a very key part of the migrant workers life. They have no time for meaningful friendships or long relationships. Little trust is shared and the men work solely for themselves. Many of the characters are lonely and this motivates them to look for an alternative way of life. This is one of the reasons why there are drifters; they are continually searching often not knowing what they are looking for. Characters are also lonely because of something within themselves, something which seems to make their loneliness inevitable. Different characters seek comfort and solace in different things. For Candy it is his dog, for George and Lennie it’s each other, for Crooks it’s his pride and his skill at pitching horseshoes. In the novel George and Lennie find themselves a ‘Few miles of Soledad.’ This is a real place in California and its name, which is Spanish can mean loneliness or lonely place. George describes himself and Lennie as the sort of people wh o ‘are the loneliness guys in the world.’ Although the boss of the ranch thinks that George exploits Lennie, all the ranch workers come to see that the reason for their relationship is mutual loneliness. Candy’s relationship with his dog is much like the relationship between George and Lennie. Candy has a parental role towards his dog, just as George has a parental role towards Lennie. Lennie can be compared with the dog in the sense that he listens, but does not talk; this provides comfort for those who talk to him about their feelings. ‘He ain’t no good to you Candy. An’ he ain’t no good to himself. Why’n’t you shoot him Candy?’ Carlson is unsentimental about Candy’s dog as he can see no further practical use for it. Although his suggestion is perhaps reasonable, he seems oblivious to the strong bond between Candy and his pet. Lennie turns to petting animals for comfort. He means no harm to the creatures and sees them as on a similar level to himself. Lennie is unaware of the feelings of the pups as he heavily touches and plays with them, this causes the ranch workers to become concerned. ‘Well you ain’t bein’ kind to him..’ With these words Carlson is ironically ‘sentencing’ Lennie who will later suffer the same fate as the dog. Carlson assumes that Candy can soon get another pet, just as at the end of the novel he seems to assume that George can easily get another friend. From this we can see that Carlson, like some of the other characters does not appreciate the bonds that occur. Candy and his dog are obviously very alike to George and Lennie, even to the way the dog follows Candy around in the same way as Lennie follows George. Just as Candy feels tied down by his relationship with his dog, so George feels trapped by his sense of responsibility for Lennie. Curley’s wife is one of the loneliest characters in the novel; she has no identity, she is seen as an object, a possession of Curley’s. Curley’s wife is seen as a flirtatious ‘tart’ by the other ranch-hands, true, Curley’s wife does flirt, she is very conscious of the effect this has on men, but she is not a tart. She wants attention and by gaining that attention, she act the way people think. ‘She had full rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red.’ She likes to dress up and wear a lot of make up, to attract the men. The men on the other hand do not flirt with her, as they are afraid of what Curly might do. This leads to the loneliness of many characters. Although the men think it is wrong of her to flaunt herself sexually and give everyone the ‘eye’, the men all visit a ########## for sexual gratification and momentary companionship. Those like George and Whit contradict themselves when they talk about Curley’s wife as being ‘jail-bait’. ‘She’s gonna make a mess. They’s gonna be a bad mess about her. She’s a jail-bait all set on a trigger,’ George senses danger coming his way, but he chooses to ignore it, as he needs the money. During the 1930s, women were seen as possessions of their husbands who were to stay at home. George’s view of women, seem to be very basic and biased, he sees them as instruments to relieve physical urges. All the ranch-hands one evening go off to ‘Susie’s place.’ This Brothel is a place were the men can enjoy the company of women and sexual pleasure. As the men have no need for a relationship it means they can still have fun without all the strings attached to love and friendship. ‘She never talks dirty, neither. Got five girls there.’ George does not express the need for any female companionship mainly because he is too busy keeping Lennie out of trouble. All these things link up to suggest clues behind the real reasons as to why the ranch workers are so lonely. They try to shy away from commitment and responsibility. Violence. The lives of the men in the novel is filled with unnecessary violence. The boss is a good example of this in the way he treats the men and permits fighting. Curley is another good example with all his completely irrational aggressiveness. Carlson is another character who seems to thrive on violence either when he is arguing with others or when he is erring them on. The guns’ easy availability causes inevitable trouble throughout the book. From the text it is simple to separate the more frustrated characters who resort to uncivilized behavior from those who are not quite so uptight. In a world of such mistrust it is not hard to see why violence is a constant issue. When George and Lennie first enter the bunkhouse they discover how bad the accommodation is. Suspecting his bed contains vermin George inspects it cautiously. As he does so Candy chatters on about the boss. We learn that he vents his anger on the black stable hand, provides the men with whisky and allows a fight betw een the stable buck and ‘Smitty,’ one of the Skinners. The boss could be worse: Candy insists he’s ‘a pretty nice fella’ and, after all, he keeps two of the cripples on payroll. The atmosphere of later violence has the potential to create trouble for Lennie. Finally friction builds up between Curley and Lennie. ‘Let the big guy talk.’ This harsh confrontation is caused by Lennie’s attempts to obey George’s instructions to say nothing. Curley’s presence is not good for Lennie and George’s safety. This is emphasized by Candy’s comments ‘he’s alla time picking scraps with big guys.’ Since Lennie is a giant man it seemed certain that a violent assault would come from Curley. As Candy explains, Curley is a small man and feels that he cannot loose this kind of situation. This seems very dangerous as Lennie ‘don’t know no rules’ when it come to fighting. It is typical that Curley should pick on Lennie for his display of violence. In picki ng on the large but apparently harmless man, Curley demonstrates his own cowardice. There is an irony in the fact that it is Lennie’s happy thoughts about the farm which leave a smile on his face, which is misinterpreted by Curley. Despite his size Lennie has two distinct disadvantages, he will not act unless told to do so by George and he is terrified by aggression. Because of this he does not make any attempt to defend himself. Curley is a vicious fighter and is out to inflict damage on Lennie. Animal imagery is used towards Lennie as he stands like a ‘bear’ with ‘paws’ covering his face but Curley is the ‘dirty little rat.’ Lennie’s strength and grip crushes Curley’s hand . This is not aggression but more of a reflex action, it is a defensive move. Carlson is not a cowboy, but does possess a handgun. There is a conversation about Carlson’s gun in the bunkhouse this lets George know where it is kept. The sensitive slim points out that when Candy’s dog is killed there will need to be a decent burial so a shovel would be needed. This compares the shooting of the dog with the shooting of Lennie later on. John Steinbeck emphasizes the long wait at this period in time in the novel by using sounds like ‘shuffle,’ ‘rippled,’ and ‘gnawing,’ which contrast the eventual ‘shot.’ After Lennie is accused of killing Curley’s wife the ranch workers all go searching for the criminal. The prospect of a manhunt and the opportunity to use his luger excites Carlson, who seems to want to solve all his problems with his gun. His keenness to use his luger on Lennie reminds us of his former enthusiasm to use it on Candy’s dog. The hunt for Lennie continues and the consequences for Lennie are that as George has just been saying that there ‘Ain’t gonna be no more trouble. Nobody gonna hurt nor steal from ’em.’ These things would have been the rewards they were hoping from their dream farm. There is heavy irony in Lennie’s urgings to George to ‘do it now.’ Earlier on in the novel Candy said that he ‘ought to of shot that dog myself, George. I shouldn’t ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog.’ This is probably the main reason as to why George decides that he should be the one to shoot Lennie, but he may also be protecting him from the treatment he would receive at Curley’s hands if he were to find him first. Prejudice. In Of Mice And Men there are several different levels of prejudice shown, all contributing to the failure of the American dream. The main types of prejudice shown in this novel are racial, sexual and age related. Racism is very prominent. There is much racial prejudice shown in Of Mice And Men towards Crooks the black crippled stable buck. Crooks is more permanent than the other ranch hands and has his own room off the stables with many more possessions than them. This room is made out to be a privilege and also because it means he is nearer to the horses but in fact it is really because the other ranch hands do not want him in the bunk house with them. As a result of this prejudice Crooks has become bitter and very lonely. When Lennie comes to pet the puppies, not even realizing that Crooks’ room is ‘out of bounds’, Crooks instantly becomes defensive â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunk room and you ain’t wanted in my room† but Lennie is childish and is completely without prejudice † Why ain’t you wanted† he asks. Crooks replies to this ,†Cause I’m black, they play cards in there but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, all of you stink to me† This line showing that Crooks desperately wants to join in, be accepted, but because of his colour he can’t and so he feels the only way he can make himself feel better is to cut himself off further, it is a vicious circle. When Crooks realizes that Lennie means no harm he invites him to † Come on in and set a while† Lennie begins to talk about George and his dream, it makes Crooks remember his childhood which he looks on as a kind of paradise. â€Å"The white kids come to play at our place, an’ sometimes I went to play with them and some of them were pretty nice. My ol’ man didn’t like that. I never knew till long later why he didn’t like that. But I know now†. Crooks’ didn’t experience racism in his childhood, making his current situation even worse. Crooks is fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George, especially how close they are. Crooks said, â€Å"Well, s’pose, jus’ s’pose he don’t come back. What’ll you do then?† Crooks asks these questions because he does not have any friends, and wouldn’t know how losing them unexpectedly would feel. He was curious and envious, about the friendship of Lennie and George, noticing that Lennie is retarded, he takes advantage of this situation to â€Å"torture† him mentally, to make him feel better and ease the pain of having other reject him â€Å"Crooks’ face lighted with pleasure at his torture† he also does this to ease his jealousy towards the friendship Lennie has, but that he, Crooks, will probably never have. He wants the people to feel the way that he does, completely alone. Crooks goes on to talk about his loneliness † ‘A guy needs somebody-to be near him’ He whined:â€⠄¢ A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you’ he cried ‘I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick'† Crooks is looking for sympathy, he is so incredibly lonely even to the point to saying that loneliness can make you ill. Curley’s wife is shown a lot of sexism over the course of the novel. Living on a ranch where the large majority of the people are male she is very lonely. George says â€Å"Ranch with a bunch of guys on it ain’t no place for a girl† Perhaps to prove the fact she is insignificant, she is always referred to as ‘Curley’s wife’, never given a name. She experiences sexual prejudice in that none of the ranch hands will talk to her. This is partly because she can make up things about those she dislikes who will subsequently get ‘the can’ and also because she is a ‘looloo’ who flirts alots. â€Å"She got the eye goin’ all the time on everybody. I bet she even gives the stable buck they eye. I don’t know what the hell she wants† says Whit. The ranch hands don’t trust her or understand her. George says â€Å"Ranch with a bunch of guys on it ain’t no place for a girl, specially like her† An old lover told her that she â€Å"coulda went with the shows, not jus one neither† He promised her that he would write â€Å"Soon’s he got back to Hollywood† but he never did and so she married Curley. Because of this she’s upset and feels she’s been deprived by life. In fact she doesn’t even like Curley â€Å"He ain’t a nice fella†. Because she has nothing to do but sit at home she goes out on the ranch under the reason of looking for Curley. Some of the sexism she experiences is her fault, she scares the ranch hands with her womanly actions but she isn’t really a tart, she just craves attention which she doesn’t get from Curley. Ignored by both the ranch workers and Curley she has ended up very lonely, the one thing she most wanted to escape. Throughout the novel there is a small protest for the weak. Steinbeck sees an opportunity to emphasise on how strong men had more authority over weaker or disabled onees. Candy, the old swamper is prejudiced against because of his age and his disability. Because of his hand he is unable to do a lot of the jobs that the other ranch hands do making him instantly an outsider. Also because he thinks that he is old he puts himself in a state of mind which handicaps him far more than his missing hand ever will. His life echoes that of his dog, he was once â€Å"the best damn sheep-dog I ever seen† but now is next to useless, Candy’s life has gone somewhat the same way. The novel shows the amount of predjudice at the time of the 1930s. At the time of the novel blacks in America had no rights, they were seen as nobodies. Because of this prejudice many of them, like Crooks â€Å"retired into the terrible protective dignity of the negro†. Women also had very few rights. There are many different levels of prejudice shown in Of Mice And Men. Through these prejudices the characters such as Crooks and Curley’s wife have become lonely but they are in hopeless position which they can do nothing about. Dreams. Many ranch workers would share George and Lennie’s dream of a small farm. Such a dream would allow men such as George to be their own master, to make a decent living from their own hard work. This dream forms part of the much larger phenomenon known as the American dream. The American Dream has its roots from when American first became populated. Many of the characters in the novel have dreams, in the sense that they have hopes or ambitions. These dreams are often kept secret to begin with. George is displeased when he discovers that Lennie and Candy have told Crooks about their secret ‘dream farm.’ George always talks wistfully about his mental picture of the farm. He sits ‘entranced with his own picture.’ Georges dream like description slows down the pace of the novel and provides a period of almost calm before all of Lennie’s destruction. George’s life and Lennie’s would be more closely related to nature on his dream farm as he says, ‘when we put in a crop, why we’d be there to take the crop up’, so the cycle of nature would be complete. Since George and Lennie’s ambition in life is much like all those around him he believes it to be pretty impossible to come true. But suddenly George realizes that what had been until a certain point a distant dream was then a real possibility. ‘S’pose I went in with you guys.’ Candy’s involvement and contribution made the dream make more sense. It offers George and Lennie the prospect of companionship and self-living. The characters dream is a sharp contrast to that of their current surroundings. Crooks is rather scornful of the dream as Lennie explains it to him ‘you’re nuts’, he says. Crooks compares human hopes with religious belief and says that the search for ‘a little piece of land’ is like the search for heaven. His comments create tension as Candy, George’s and Lennie’s dream seems so close to them. Crooks thinks that the chances of them successfully achieving their dream farm are remote. Few ha ve achieved it before. Despite Crooks negativity he seems drawn into the same dream of a better life and of companionship. During the discussion with the ranch workers his attitude changed from sheer disbelieve to almost excitement. Unlike most of the characters in contrast, Curley’s wife seems almost desperate to tell Lennie about her dreams. It is ironic that she confides in someone who appears to have no interest or little understanding of what she is saying. Curley’s wife reveals her own dreams of a better life. Her dream is parallel to that of Candy, Crooks and George. Curley’s wife seems to be starstuck to have taken all the flattering comments she received from the men she met. She finds her dream in the glittery world of show business, the cinema and glossy magazines. This is a sharp contrast to that of the three men. Her interest in the world of cinema and film stars suggest that her dress sense is there to make her stand out from all the other ‘ordinary’ girls. Eventually though in one way or another all the peoples dreams die out because of Lennie. Candy, George and Lennie’s dream is destroyed because of Curley’s wife. Lennie sinned and the heaven of the small farm became a dream again. George realizes that his own prospects are now no better than those other ranch workers, with their limited ambitions of cheap sex and gambling. Georges vision is an example of the second kind of unhappy vision. When he sees his future aimlessly drifting.’ I’ll take my fifty bucks an’ I’ll stay in some lousy cat house. Or I’ll set in some pool-room till ever’body goes home.’ Lennie’s dream is shattered. He starts to have visions after killing Curley’s wife. The appearance of a giant rabbit is to do with Lennie’s fear for the future. The rabbit is a symbol of a time of peace in quite and natural surroundings. Lennie tells himself that his dream has been destroyed by what he has done. Steinbeck again creates a sort of parallel not only between the shooting of Candy’s dog and of Lennie, but also between the emotions which motivate the killings. George ends up by killing Lennie, Lennie has killed Curley’s wife, and Carlson killed Candy’s dog. All killers are motivated by passion. Many of the workers have dreams of one kind or a another, and sometimes they share the same dream. Generally though the characters have one choices of an almost realistic dream. This is the dream that includes companionship, honesty and love or the ‘dream farm.’ Which represents the ambition and the possibility of escape from the workers loneliness and poverty. These factors eventually stimulated the violent deaths and therefore the abrupt ending of dreams.